ACE-IQ extended version validation and ACE's frequency in Mexican adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) may have short, middle, and long-term consequences on people's development and physical and mental health. There is a need for information on this subject in low- and middle-income countries and a need to reduce recall bias in ACEs research worldwide. OBJECTIVE: Hence our objectives were to translate, adapt and validate the Adverse Childhood Experiences extended version and to determine ACEs frequencies in a sample of Mexican adolescents. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A convenience sample of 5835 schooled Mexican adolescents (age: M = 16.13, SD = 1.32; 61.01 % females) from 20 states in Mexico completed a survey. METHOD: A cross-sectional study was conducted with an extended version of the ACE-International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ), which assesses 23 ACEs organized into five categories: situations that cause household dysfunction, exposure to violence, violence from parents or guardians, interpersonal violence, and sociodemographic context. RESULTS: Evidence of construct validity and reliability of the questionnaire was obtained, and 16 ACEs were included in the final ACE-IQ version. 90 % of adolescents had one or more ACEs. Neglect was the most experienced ACE reported by 73.30 % of the participants, with no significant difference by age, sex, or geographic region. CONCLUSION: ACE-IQ questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument to recommend its use for generating information on ACEs in studies on Mexican adolescents. The results on the frequency of ACEs revealed that 90 % of this schooled Mexican adolescent sample had experienced one or more ACEs, and about a third had experienced six or more.

ACEs and mental health problems as suicidality predictors in Mexican adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Various factors, including mental health comorbidity, family dysfunction, interpersonal violence, and community and social violence, cause suicidal behavior. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) encompass these risk factors and are correlated with mental health problems and suicidal behavior in Mexican adolescents. METHODS: A survey was conducted among Mexican school-aged adolescents to measure ACEs, MHP symptoms, and suicidal behavior. A binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between these variables. The study was conducted with IRB approval, and all participants provided informed consent. Those at risk of suicide were referred for online psychological care. RESULTS: 7325 adolescents participated; 60 % were women, with an average age of 16 years (SD + 1), 87 % of the participants reported at least one ACE, 13 % symptoms of at least one MHP and 10 % suicidal behavior. MHP predictors of suicidal behavior were: conduct problems (OR = 5.67), symptoms of depression (OR = 3.27), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OR = 2.11), somatic problems (OR = 1.98), and attention deficit (OR = 1.69). EAI predictors were: live sexual violence (OR = 2.53), physical violence (OR = 2.21), negligence (OR = 2.05), bullying (OR = 2.10), and a family member with a mental health diagnosis (OR = 1.35). The cumulative effect of ACEs and MHP significantly increased the risk (OR = 78.08). CONCLUSIONS: 5 ACEs and 4 MHP were associated with suicidal behavior; their cumulative effect increased the risk to 78 times.

[Addressing Child Sexual Abuse: A Call to Action for Providers in Latin AmericaAbordagem da violência sexual infantil: um chamado à ação para os profissionais da América Latina]. / Abordaje de la violencia sexual infantil: un llamado a la acción para los profesionales de América Latina.

The objective of this communication is to outline the key elements required to train health care providers in various occupations (medicine, psychology, dentistry, nursing, social work, nutrition, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, chemistry, pharmacy, and obstetrics, including midwifery, among others) to address child sexual abuse (CSA) and develop care protocols grounded on evidence-based practices, as well as provide resources to optimize both processes. Training on child and adolescent sexual abuse is an essential component of facing this major challenge in Latin America and allowing health care personnel to fulfill their role of safeguarding the security and well-being of children and adolescents. Developing protocols helps health care staff define the roles and responsibilities of individual members, summarize potential red flags of CSA, and describe strategies to best identify and address the health and safety needs of patients and their families, which should include a trauma-informed approach. Future work should focus on developing and evaluating new strategies to increase the capacity of the health sector to care for children experiencing CSA and optimizing ways to train staff. Further aims should also include improving research and evidence generation on the epidemiology and care of CSA in Latin America, including of male children and adolescents, minorities, and priority groups (e.g., migrant children, children with disabilities, street children, youth deprived of liberty, indigenous communities and the LGBTQI+ community).

O objetivo desta comunicação é delinear os elementos-chave da capacitação em violência sexual infantil (VSI) para profissionais de saúde de diferentes disciplinas ­ medicina, psicologia, odontologia, enfermagem, serviço social, nutrição, fisioterapia, terapia ocupacional, química, farmácia e obstetrícia (incluindo parteiras), entre outros ­ e o desenvolvimento de protocolos de atendimento construídos sobre práticas baseadas em evidências, bem como fornecer recursos para otimizar ambos os processos. A capacitação sobre violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é fundamental para enfrentar esse grande desafio na América Latina e permitir que os profissionais de saúde cumpram seu papel na defesa da segurança e do bem-estar das crianças e adolescentes. O desenvolvimento de protocolos ajuda a equipe de saúde a definir as funções e responsabilidades dos membros da equipe, resumir potenciais indicadores de VSI e descrever estratégias para melhor identificar e atender as necessidades de saúde e segurança do paciente e de sua família, o que deve incluir uma abordagem informada pelo trauma. O trabalho futuro deve se concentrar na elaboração e avaliação de novas estratégias para aumentar a capacidade do setor da saúde de atender crianças que sofrem VSI e otimizar as formas de capacitar o pessoal. Também é necessária uma melhor geração de pesquisas e evidências sobre a epidemiologia e atenção à VSI na América Latina, incluindo crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino, e grupos minoritários e prioritários (por exemplo, crianças migrantes, com deficiência, em situação de rua, privadas de liberdade, pertencentes a comunidades indígenas e à comunidade LGBTQI+).

Abordaje de la violencia sexual infantil: un llamado a la acción para los profesionales de América Latina

[RESUMEN]. El objetivo de esta comunicación es delinear los elementos clave de la capacitación en violencia sexual infan- til (VSI) para profesionales de la salud en diferentes disciplinas medicina, psicología, odontología, enfermería, trabajo social, nutrición, fisioterapia, terapia ocupacional, química, bioquímica y obstetricia incluidas las par- teras, entre otras y el desarrollo de protocolos de atención con base en las prácticas basadas en evidencia, así como proporcionar recursos que permitan optimizar ambos procesos. La capacitación sobre la violencia sexual hacia niñas, niños y adolescentes (NNA) es esencial para enfrentar este gran desafío en América Latina y permitir al personal de salud cumplir su función en defensa de la seguridad y el bienestar de NNA. El desarrollo de protocolos ayuda al personal de salud a definir las funciones y responsabilidades de los miem- bros del personal, resumir los posibles indicadores de VSI y describir las estrategias para identificar y abordar mejor las necesidades de salud y seguridad del paciente y su familia, por lo que deben incluir el enfoque informado sobre el trauma. El trabajo futuro debe centrarse en desarrollar y evaluar estrategias nuevas para aumentar la capacidad del sector de la salud para atender a los NNA que experimentan VSI y optimizar las formas de capacitar al personal. Apunta, también, a mejorar la generación de investigación y evidencia sobre la epidemiología y atención de la VSI en América Latina, incluidos los niños y adolescentes varones, grupos minoritarios y de atención prioritaria (p. ej. NNA migrantes, con discapacidad, en situación de calle, privados de la libertad, pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas y a la comunidad LGBTIQ+).

[ABSTRACT]. The objective of this communication is to outline the key elements required to train health care providers in various occupations (medicine, psychology, dentistry, nursing, social work, nutrition, physiotherapy, occu- pational therapy, chemistry, pharmacy, and obstetrics, including midwifery, among others) to address child sexual abuse (CSA) and develop care protocols grounded on evidence-based practices, as well as provide resources to optimize both processes. Training on child and adolescent sexual abuse is an essential com- ponent of facing this major challenge in Latin America and allowing health care personnel to fulfill their role of safeguarding the security and well-being of children and adolescents. Developing protocols helps health care staff define the roles and responsibilities of individual members, summarize potential red flags of CSA, and describe strategies to best identify and address the health and safety needs of patients and their families, which should include a trauma-informed approach. Future work should focus on developing and evaluating new strategies to increase the capacity of the health sector to care for children experiencing CSA and opti- mizing ways to train staff. Further aims should also include improving research and evidence generation on the epidemiology and care of CSA in Latin America, including of male children and adolescents, minorities, and priority groups (e.g., migrant children, children with disabilities, street children, youth deprived of liberty, indigenous communities and the LGBTQI+ community).

[RESUMO]. O objetivo desta comunicação é delinear os elementos-chave da capacitação em violência sexual infantil (VSI) para profissionais de saúde de diferentes disciplinas — medicina, psicologia, odontologia, enfermagem, serviço social, nutrição, fisioterapia, terapia ocupacional, química, farmácia e obstetrícia (incluindo parteiras), entre outros — e o desenvolvimento de protocolos de atendimento construídos sobre práticas baseadas em evidências, bem como fornecer recursos para otimizar ambos os processos. A capacitação sobre violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é fundamental para enfrentar esse grande desafio na América Latina e permitir que os profissionais de saúde cumpram seu papel na defesa da segurança e do bem-estar das crianças e adolescentes. O desenvolvimento de protocolos ajuda a equipe de saúde a definir as funções e responsabilidades dos membros da equipe, resumir potenciais indicadores de VSI e descrever estratégias para melhor identificar e atender as necessidades de saúde e segurança do paciente e de sua família, o que deve incluir uma abordagem informada pelo trauma. O trabalho futuro deve se concentrar na elabo- ração e avaliação de novas estratégias para aumentar a capacidade do setor da saúde de atender crianças que sofrem VSI e otimizar as formas de capacitar o pessoal. Também é necessária uma melhor geração de pesquisas e evidências sobre a epidemiologia e atenção à VSI na América Latina, incluindo crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino, e grupos minoritários e prioritários (por exemplo, crianças migrantes, com deficiência, em situação de rua, privadas de liberdade, pertencentes a comunidades indígenas e à comuni- dade LGBTQI+).

Abordaje de la violencia sexual infantil: un llamado a la acción para los profesionales de América Latina / Addressing Child Sexual Abuse: A Call to Action for Providers in Latin America / Abordagem da violência sexual infantil: um chamado à ação para os profissionais da América Latina

RESUMEN El objetivo de esta comunicación es delinear los elementos clave de la capacitación en violencia sexual infantil (VSI) para profesionales de la salud en diferentes disciplinas medicina, psicología, odontología, enfermería, trabajo social, nutrición, fisioterapia, terapia ocupacional, química, bioquímica y obstetricia incluidas las parteras, entre otras y el desarrollo de protocolos de atención con base en las prácticas basadas en evidencia, así como proporcionar recursos que permitan optimizar ambos procesos. La capacitación sobre la violencia sexual hacia niñas, niños y adolescentes (NNA) es esencial para enfrentar este gran desafío en América Latina y permitir al personal de salud cumplir su función en defensa de la seguridad y el bienestar de NNA. El desarrollo de protocolos ayuda al personal de salud a definir las funciones y responsabilidades de los miembros del personal, resumir los posibles indicadores de VSI y describir las estrategias para identificar y abordar mejor las necesidades de salud y seguridad del paciente y su familia, por lo que deben incluir el enfoque informado sobre el trauma. El trabajo futuro debe centrarse en desarrollar y evaluar estrategias nuevas para aumentar la capacidad del sector de la salud para atender a los NNA que experimentan VSI y optimizar las formas de capacitar al personal. Apunta, también, a mejorar la generación de investigación y evidencia sobre la epidemiología y atención de la VSI en América Latina, incluidos los niños y adolescentes varones, grupos minoritarios y de atención prioritaria (p. ej. NNA migrantes, con discapacidad, en situación de calle, privados de la libertad, pertenecientes a comunidades indígenas y a la comunidad LGBTIQ+).

ABSTRACT The objective of this communication is to outline the key elements required to train health care providers in various occupations (medicine, psychology, dentistry, nursing, social work, nutrition, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, chemistry, pharmacy, and obstetrics, including midwifery, among others) to address child sexual abuse (CSA) and develop care protocols grounded on evidence-based practices, as well as provide resources to optimize both processes. Training on child and adolescent sexual abuse is an essential component of facing this major challenge in Latin America and allowing health care personnel to fulfill their role of safeguarding the security and well-being of children and adolescents. Developing protocols helps health care staff define the roles and responsibilities of individual members, summarize potential red flags of CSA, and describe strategies to best identify and address the health and safety needs of patients and their families, which should include a trauma-informed approach. Future work should focus on developing and evaluating new strategies to increase the capacity of the health sector to care for children experiencing CSA and optimizing ways to train staff. Further aims should also include improving research and evidence generation on the epidemiology and care of CSA in Latin America, including of male children and adolescents, minorities, and priority groups (e.g., migrant children, children with disabilities, street children, youth deprived of liberty, indigenous communities and the LGBTQI+ community).

RESUMO O objetivo desta comunicação é delinear os elementos-chave da capacitação em violência sexual infantil (VSI) para profissionais de saúde de diferentes disciplinas — medicina, psicologia, odontologia, enfermagem, serviço social, nutrição, fisioterapia, terapia ocupacional, química, farmácia e obstetrícia (incluindo parteiras), entre outros — e o desenvolvimento de protocolos de atendimento construídos sobre práticas baseadas em evidências, bem como fornecer recursos para otimizar ambos os processos. A capacitação sobre violência sexual contra crianças e adolescentes é fundamental para enfrentar esse grande desafio na América Latina e permitir que os profissionais de saúde cumpram seu papel na defesa da segurança e do bem-estar das crianças e adolescentes. O desenvolvimento de protocolos ajuda a equipe de saúde a definir as funções e responsabilidades dos membros da equipe, resumir potenciais indicadores de VSI e descrever estratégias para melhor identificar e atender as necessidades de saúde e segurança do paciente e de sua família, o que deve incluir uma abordagem informada pelo trauma. O trabalho futuro deve se concentrar na elaboração e avaliação de novas estratégias para aumentar a capacidade do setor da saúde de atender crianças que sofrem VSI e otimizar as formas de capacitar o pessoal. Também é necessária uma melhor geração de pesquisas e evidências sobre a epidemiologia e atenção à VSI na América Latina, incluindo crianças e adolescentes do sexo masculino, e grupos minoritários e prioritários (por exemplo, crianças migrantes, com deficiência, em situação de rua, privadas de liberdade, pertencentes a comunidades indígenas e à comunidade LGBTQI+).

Victimization and factors related to polyvictimization in adolescents of Mexico City.

INTRODUCTION: Experiencing or being exposed to violence is called victimization; living it can generate repercussions on health, quality of life and life expectancy. OBJECTIVES: To describe victimization and identify factors related to polyvictimization (≥ 4 victimization incidents) in adolescents. METHODS: After informed consent and assent were obtained, the ICAST-C and Youth Self-Report validated self-report questionnaires were applied in nine public secondary schools, by means of which demographic data, six forms of victimization and symptoms related to eight mental health problems were investigated. Frequencies of the forms of victimization and polyvictimization were obtained and an ordinal regression was carried out to identify variables related to polyvictimization. RESULTS: The answers of 638 participants were included; 49.37% reported victimization throughout life, 53.37% before previous year and 68.86% during previous year; 47.65% reported polyvictimization, 21.75% before previous year and 17.53% during previous year. The factors related to polyvictimization were depression-introversion, attention deficit, rule-breaking behaviors, bullying and parental separation/divorce. CONCLUSIONS: Victimization and polyvictimization were frequent in this sample of adolescents; the factors that were related to polyvictimization included symptoms of mental health problems, bullying and parental divorce/separation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Experimentar o exponerse a la violencia se denomina victimización; vivirla puede repercutir en la salud, calidad y esperanza de vida. OBJETIVOS: Describir la victimización e identificar los factores relacionados con la polivictimización (≥ 4 incidentes) en adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Se aplicaron los cuestionarios validados de autorreporte ICAST-C y Youth Self Report en nueve escuelas secundarias públicas, previo consentimiento y asentimiento informados, con los que se investigaron datos demográficos, seis formas de victimización y sintomatología relacionada con ocho problemas de salud mental. Se obtuvieron frecuencias de las formas de victimización y polivictimización y se realizó regresión ordinal para identificar variables relacionadas con la polivictimización. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron las respuestas de 638 participantes, 49.37 % indicó victimización a lo largo de la vida, 53.37 % antes del año anterior y 68.86 % durante el año anterior; 47.65 % reportó polivictimización, 21.75 % antes del año anterior y 17.53 % durante el año anterior. Los factores relacionados con la polivictimización fueron depresión-introversión, déficit de atención, conductas para romper las reglas, bullying realizado y separación/divorcio de los padres. CONCLUSIONES: La victimización y polivictimización fueron frecuentes en los adolescentes estudiados; la sintomatología de problemas de salud mental, bullying realizado y divorcio/separación de los padres se relacionaron con polivictimización.

ISPCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C): Translation and adaptation to Mexican Spanish, and psychometric properties tested in Mexico City adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Research using the IPSCAN Child Abuse Screening Tool for Children (ICAST-C), has provided ample evidence of the magnitude of violence against children. Knowledge about its psychometric characteristics and validity is limited. Hence, our objective was to translate and culturally adapt the ICAST-C in adolescents from Mexico City and determine its psychometric properties. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: To determine the psychometric properties of the instrument 723 adolescents between 11 and 18 years of age from 9 public secondary schools in Mexico City participated. METHODS: The study was carried out in two phases: 1) translation and adaptation of the instrument (in 5 steps) and 2) pilot evaluation of the psychometric properties. Total and factor reliabilities were determined, Pearson correlation was used for temporal stability while construct validity was determined by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and final adequacy of the items eliminated by the CFA. RESULTS: We developed the culturally relevant Mexican Spanish version of the ICAST-C. The CFA confirmed the six-factor structure hypothesis. To improve the original model we eliminated ten items, the final model showed good global fit indices (χ2(1310) = 2207.68, p < .01, χ2/df = 1.68; CFI =0.95; RMSEA = 0.02 [CI95% 0.02-0.03]; SRMR = 0.08). Total and factor reliabilities were adequate (Alpha = 0.79-0.92, r = 0.52-0.75), except for the non-violent discipline factor (Alpha = 0.59, r = 0.38). CONCLUSIONS: While these data suggest that this version of the ICAST-C is valid and reliable for adolescents in Mexico City public secondary schools, further research should evaluate the psychometric properties in a national sample.

Victimización y factores relacionados con polivictimización en adolescentes de la Ciudad de México / Victimization and factors related to polyvictimization in adolescents of Mexico City

Resumen Introducción: Experimentar o exponerse a la violencia se denomina victimización; vivirla puede repercutir en la salud, calidad y esperanza de vida. Objetivos: Describir la victimización e identificar los factores relacionados con la polivictimización (≥ 4 incidentes) en adolescentes. Métodos: Se aplicaron los cuestionarios validados de autorreporte ICAST-C y Youth Self Report en nueve escuelas secundarias públicas, previo consentimiento y asentimiento informados, con los que se investigaron datos demográficos, seis formas de victimización y sintomatología relacionada con ocho problemas de salud mental. Se obtuvieron frecuencias de las formas de victimización y polivictimización y se realizó regresión ordinal para identificar variables relacionadas con la polivictimización. Resultados: Se incluyeron las respuestas de 638 participantes, 49.37 % indicó victimización a lo largo de la vida, 53.37 % antes del año anterior y 68.86 % durante el año anterior; 47.65 % reportó polivictimización, 21.75 % antes del año anterior y 17.53 % durante el año anterior. Los factores relacionados con la polivictimización fueron depresión-introversión, déficit de atención, conductas para romper las reglas, bullying realizado y separación/divorcio de los padres. Conclusiones: La victimización y polivictimización fueron frecuentes en los adolescentes estudiados; la sintomatología de problemas de salud mental, bullying realizado y divorcio/separación de los padres se relacionaron con polivictimización.

Abstract Introduction: Experiencing or being exposed to violence is called victimization; living it can generate repercussions on health, quality of life and life expectancy. Objectives: To describe victimization and identify factors related to polyvictimization (≥ 4 victimization incidents) in adolescents. Methods: After informed consent and assent were obtained, the ICAST-C and Youth Self-Report validated self-report questionnaires were applied in nine public secondary schools, by means of which demographic data, six forms of victimization and symptoms related to eight mental health problems were investigated. Frequencies of the forms of victimization and polyvictimization were obtained and an ordinal regression was carried out to identify variables related to polyvictimization. Results: The answers of 638 participants were included; 49.37% reported victimization throughout life, 53.37% before previous year and 68.86% during previous year; 47.65% reported polyvictimization, 21.75% before previous year and 17.53% during previous year. The factors related to polyvictimization were depression-introversion, attention deficit, rule-breaking behaviors, bullying and parental separation/divorce. Conclusions: Victimization and polyvictimization were frequent in this sample of adolescents; the factors that were related to polyvictimization included symptoms of mental health problems, bullying and parental divorce/separation.

Pediatric Abusive Head Trauma: Multicentric Experience in Mexico.

Abusive head trauma (AHT) is one of the most severe forms of child abuse due to its morbidity and mortality. However, AHT is still misdiagnosed in developing countries because of its nonspecific clinical picture and limited knowledge of it on the part of physicians. The aim of this study was to describe some characteristics of children with AHT, their families, and caregivers, as well as the clinical data that could serve as signs for its suspicion and the medical-legal resolution of the cases. Children suspect with AHT in emergency rooms in three Mexican hospitals were included after obtaining informed consent from the parents. All information was obtained from the parents by means of a questionnaire and from different clinical and radiological evaluations of the clinical records of the patients. 15 children, with a median age of 5 months and predominantly males (73.33%), were included in the study. 66% reported a history of irritability periods, and most of the patients (73.33%) had more than one habitual caregiver. The diagnosis of AHT was suspected in only 33.33% on admission in the Emergency Services. Acute symptomatology was present in 53.33%, while less severe symptoms were reported in the rest. Special attention should be paid on babies with history of irritable periods. When a child who is previously healthy and suddenly presents with a seizure or cardiorespiratory dysfunction or brought to the hospital dead, the diagnosis of AHT should be considered as a priority.

Adverse childhood experiences. Knowledge and use by pediatrics residents.

INTRODUCTION: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with the acquisition of risk behaviors and development of chronic and mental diseases since adolescence and in adult life. OBJECTIVE: To identify the knowledge and the frequency pediatrics residents ask about ACEs with. METHODS: Through an online survey sent to all resident physicians of the 2017-2018 academic year of a tertiary care children's hospital, demographic variables, knowledge, use, training and barriers to interrogate and search for ACEs were collected. RESULTS: 21% of residents answered the survey; the majority were women (70 %), less than 5 % of participants were familiar with ACEs, 31 % enquired about them in parents and their children, and 71 % considered having some barrier to interrogate about them. CONCLUSIONS: Participants in this study showed limited knowledge about ACEs, which had an impact on the frequency they enquired about them with in their patients and their parents; at least half had the perception that it is beyond the reach of the pediatrician to identify them.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las experiencias adversas en la infancia (EAI) se han relacionado con la adquisición de conductas de riesgo y el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y mentales, desde la adolescencia y en la vida adulta. OBJETIVO: Identificar el conocimiento y la frecuencia con la que médicos residentes de pediatría interrogan sobre las EAI. MÉTODOS: Mediante una encuesta en línea enviada a todos los médicos residentes del año académico 2017-2018 de un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, se recabaron variables demográficas, del conocimiento, uso, entrenamiento y barreras para interrogar sobre EAI. RESULTADOS: 21 % de los residentes respondió la encuesta, la mayoría fue del sexo femenino (70 %), menos de 5 % de los participantes estaba familiarizado con las EAI, 31 % interrogaba sobre ellas a los padres e hijos y 71 % consideró que tiene alguna barrera para interrogarlas. CONCLUSIONES: Los participantes de este estudio mostraron un conocimiento limitado sobre las EAI, lo que repercutió en la frecuencia con la que preguntaban al respecto a sus pacientes y padres; al menos la mitad tuvo la percepción que identificarlas está fuera del alcance del pediatra.

Experiencias adversas en la infancia. Conocimiento y uso por médicos residentes de pediatría / Adverse childhood experiences. Knowledge and use by pediatrics residents

Resumen Introducción: Las experiencias adversas en la infancia (EAI) se han relacionado con la adquisición de conductas de riesgo y el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas y mentales, desde la adolescencia y en la vida adulta. Objetivo: Identificar el conocimiento y la frecuencia con la que médicos residentes de pediatría interrogan sobre las EAI. Métodos: Mediante una encuesta en línea enviada a todos los médicos residentes del año académico 2017-2018 de un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, se recabaron variables demográficas, del conocimiento, uso, entrenamiento y barreras para interrogar sobre EAI. Resultados: 21 % de los residentes respondió la encuesta, la mayoría fue del sexo femenino (70 %), menos de 5 % de los participantes estaba familiarizado con las EAI, 31 % interrogaba sobre ellas a los padres e hijos y 71 % consideró que tiene alguna barrera para interrogarlas. Conclusiones: Los participantes de este estudio mostraron un conocimiento limitado sobre las EAI, lo que repercutió en la frecuencia con la que preguntaban al respecto a sus pacientes y padres; al menos la mitad tuvo la percepción que identificarlas está fuera del alcance del pediatra.

Abstract Introduction: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been associated with the acquisition of risk behaviors and development of chronic and mental diseases since adolescence and in adult life. Objective: To identify the knowledge and the frequency pediatrics residents ask about ACEs with. Methods: Through an online survey sent to all resident physicians of the 2017-2018 academic year of a tertiary care children’s hospital, demographic variables, knowledge, use, training and barriers to interrogate and search for ACEs were collected. Results: 21% of residents answered the survey; the majority were women (70 %), less than 5 % of participants were familiar with ACEs, 31 % enquired about them in parents and their children, and 71 % considered having some barrier to interrogate about them. Conclusions: Participants in this study showed limited knowledge about ACEs, which had an impact on the frequency they enquired about them with in their patients and their parents; at least half had the perception that it is beyond the reach of the pediatrician to identify them.

Child maltreatment data: A summary of progress, prospects and challenges.

BACKGROUND: In 1996, the ISPCAN Working Group on Child Maltreatment Data (ISPCAN-WGCMD) was established to provide an international forum in which individuals, who deal with child maltreatment data in their respective professional roles, can share concerns and solutions. OBJECTIVE: This commentary describes some of the key features and the status of child maltreatment related data collection addressed by the ISPCAN-WGCMD. METHODS: Different types of data collection methods including self-report, sentinel, and administrative data designs are described as well as how they address different needs for information to help understand child maltreatment and systems of prevention and intervention. RESULTS: While still lacking in many parts of the world, access to child maltreatment data has become much more widespread, and in many places a very sophisticated undertaking. CONCLUSION: The ISPCAN-WGCMD has been an important forum for supporting the continued development and improvement in the global effort to understand and combat child maltreatment thus contributing to the long term goals of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Nevertheless, based on what has been learned, even greater efforts are required to improve data in order to effectively combat child maltreatment.

[Trauma craneal no accidental en niños: costo económico directo de la atención médica en un hospital de tercer nivel].

INTRODUCTION: Abusive head trauma (AHT) is an extreme form of physical abuse that is produced by abruptly shaking an infant or toddler. OBJECTIVE: To describe the direct economic cost of care during hospitalization of 14 children with confirmed diagnosis of AHT in a pediatric hospital. METHOD: Analysis of the cost of disease in patients with AHT attended to between 2001 and 2010. Partial direct economic cost of medical care (days of hospital stay, laboratory tests and imaging studies, surgical procedures and subspecialist consultations) was calculated adjusting for inflation, with year 2001 taken as base year. Patients were classified in three groups (moderate, severe and fatal AHT). Descriptive and sensitivity analysis was carried out. RESULTS: Patients with severe AHT generated higher medical care costs ($105,794.88 ± 33,201.91) in comparison with the group of moderate ($37,012.95, ± 7,154.87) and fatal AHT ($18,595.04 ± 6424.47) (p <0.05). Total cost was $665,467.98 Mexican pesos ($71,249.25 international dollars). CONCLUSIONS: Total cost for the 14 patients was an elevated figure, as in other parts of the world. The direct economic cost is closely related to the severity of the clinical presentation.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El trauma craneal no accidental (TCNA) es una forma extrema de abuso físico que se produce por la sacudida brusca de un lactante o preescolar. OBJETIVO: Describir el costo económico directo de la atención durante la hospitalización de 14 niños con diagnóstico confirmado de TCNA en un hospital pediátrico. MÉTODO: Análisis del costo de la enfermedad en pacientes con TCNA, atendidos entre 2001 y 2010. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y de sensibilidad. Se calculó costo económico directo parcial de la atención médica (días de estancia hospitalaria, exámenes de laboratorio y gabinete, procedimientos quirúrgicos y consultas por subespecialista), ajustado por la inflación, se tomó como año base 2001. Los pacientes se clasificaron en tres grupos: TCNA moderado, severo y fatal. RESULTADOS: Los pacientes con TCNA severo generaron mayor costo en la atención médica ($105 794.88 ± 33 201.91), en comparación con el grupo con TCNA moderado ($37 012.95 ± 7154.87) y fatal ($18 595.04 ± 6424.47) (p < 0.05). El costo total fue de 665 467.98 pesos mexicanos (71 249.25 dólares internacionales). CONCLUSIONES: El costo total de los 14 pacientes fue una cifra elevada como en otras partes del mundo. El costo económico directo se relaciona estrechamente con la gravedad del cuadro clínico.

[Adolescent pregnancy: its causes and repercussions in the dyad]. / Embarazo adolescente: sus causas y repercusiones en la diada.

Teen pregnancy (TP) is a global public health problem that affects the physical and emotional health, educational and economic status of prospective parents and often also affects the product of gestation. In most cases, the TP is an unplanned event, and often difficult to accept by the couple. But it is more complicated for the future mother who suddenly finds herself without the protection of the couple, her family and her school companions. The risks to which the young mothers are exposed are diverse, but include: submitting to a clandestine abortion, falling into drug addiction, prostitution and crime; Also, it should be noted that with so many adversities, she can develop child maltreatment and frequently, she may be attacked at home, at school or in society giving rise to the twin phenomena of child abuse. To address this problem, it is necessary to develop preventive strategies aimed at risk of early pregnancy or acquiring sexually transmitted diseases by implementing educational programs for personal, family or schools for this age group range. It stresses the need for these programs to be consistent and persistent, as a basic strategy to reduce the consequent risks to unplanned or accepted sex life.

El embarazo en adolescentes (EA) es un problema de salud pública mundial que altera la salud física, emocional, la condición educativa y económica de los futuros padres; asimismo, frecuentemente se afecta también al producto de la gestación. El EA habitualmente no es un evento planeado o deseado y, frecuentemente, difícil de aceptar por la pareja, aunque quizá sea más marcado en la futura madre, quien bruscamente se puede encontrar sin protección. Ello se agrava cuando su condición económica no le permite atender sus propias necesidades y las de su hijo. Los riesgos a los que se expone la joven son diversos, pero destacan: someterse a un aborto clandestino, caer en adicciones, prostitución y delincuencia. Para hacer frente a este problema es necesario desarrollar estrategias preventivas orientadas al riesgo de embarazo temprano o la adquisición de enfermedades por transmisión sexual, mediante la implementación de programas educativos de alcance personal, familiar o escolar para este grupo etario. Se insiste en la necesidad de que dichos programas sean constantes y persistentes, como una estrategia básica que permita disminuir los riesgos consecuentes a una vida sexual no planeada o aceptada.

Maltrato infantil: su conocimiento, atención y difusión en tres hospitales pediátricos de México / Child abuse: its knowledge, attention and diffusion in three pediatric hospitals in Mexico

Resumen: El maltrato infantil (MI) se ha visualizado en México desde la década de los 60 a través de publicaciones aisladas de casos clínicos donde predominaban las manifestaciones de daño físico o abuso sexual. A partir de la década de los 90, se estableció la Clínica de Atención Integral al Niño Maltrato en el Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (CAINM-INP), cuyo accionar se orientó a la asistencia, docencia e investigación del tema. Este enfoque fue imitado en dos centros hospitalarios del país: en la Clínica para la Atención Integral del Menor Maltratado del Hospital Infantil de Especialidades de Chihuahua y en el Servicio de Pediatría del Hospital General de Mexicali. El objetivo básico de este trabajo fue presentar a la comunidad médica y paramédica, a otros profesionales que interactúan con la población pediátrica y a la sociedad civil los esfuerzos que se han realizado en México para enfrentar esta situación médica-social y legal de una manera lógica, siempre orientada a proteger a las víctimas y a sus familias.

Abstract: Child abuse (CA) was observed in Mexico since the early 60's through isolated publications from clinical cases and where manifestations of physical injury or sexual abuse predominated. Since the 90's, the Clinic for Integral Care of the Abused Child was established at the National Institute of Pediatrics (CAINM-INP, for its Spanish acronym), which actions were addressed to the care, teaching and research on this topic. This approach was replicated in two hospital centers in the country: the Clinic for Integral Care of the Abused Children at Children's Specialty Care Hospital of Chihuahua and the Pediatric Service of the General Hospital of Mexicali. The main objective of this work was to present to the medical community, paramedics, and other professionals who interact with the pediatric population and society, the efforts that have been made in Mexico to address this legal, medical, and social pathology in a logical manner, and always aimed at protecting victims and their families.

[Child abuse: its knowledge, attention and diffusion in three pediatric hospitals in Mexico]. / Maltrato infantil: su conocimiento, atención y difusión en tres hospitales pediátricos de México.

Child abuse (CA) was observed in Mexico since the early 60's through isolated publications from clinical cases and where manifestations of physical injury or sexual abuse predominated. Since the 90's, the Clinic for Integral Care of the Abused Child was established at the National Institute of Pediatrics (CAINM-INP, for its Spanish acronym), which actions were addressed to the care, teaching and research on this topic. This approach was replicated in two hospital centers in the country: the Clinic for Integral Care of the Abused Children at Children's Specialty Care Hospital of Chihuahua and the Pediatric Service of the General Hospital of Mexicali. The main objective of this work was to present to the medical community, paramedics, and other professionals who interact with the pediatric population and society, the efforts that have been made in Mexico to address this legal, medical, and social pathology in a logical manner, and always aimed at protecting victims and their families.

La marihuana. Entorno social y sus efectos nocivos en el producto in útero, en la niñez y en la adolescencia / Marijuana. Harmful effects of the social environment on the fetus, childhood, and adolescence

Resumen Se hace un análisis de la situación social y médica que actualmente enfrentan los niños y los adolescentes de México. El propósito de difundir los riesgos que tienen en la mujer embarazada, el producto de la gestación y la niña, niño o el adolescente, por consumir pasiva o activamente marihuana, en etapas tempranas de la vida. Asimismo, tratar de sensibilizar y actualizar a los estudiantes de medicina, a los médicos generales, médicos familiares, ginecoobstetras y pediatras sobre las consecuencias físicas, genéticas y neurológicas principalmente reportadas, en dichas poblaciones. A pesar de que existen numerosos informes en la literatura internacional sobre esta problemática, a nivel nacional los trabajos son escasos y por lo tanto las posibilidades de prevenir el daño en niñas, niños y adolescentes mexicanos son mínimas.

Abstract We analyze the social and medical situation that children and adolescents are currently living in Mexico. The purpose is to communicate the risks that pregnant women, children and adolescents are exposed to by passively or actively consuming marijuana. It also seeks to aware and update medical students, general practitioners, family physicians, gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians about the physical, genetic and neurological effects reported in these populations. Although there are numerous reports in international literature related to this topic, national studies on the matter are scarce, minimizing the chances of preventing harm in Mexican children and adolescents.

Efectos adversos de la marihuana en la edad pediátrica: su conocimiento ¿podría limitar la legalización de la droga en México? / Adverse effects of marijuana in children: Could its knowledge limit the legalization of drugs in Mexico?

En el presente trabajo se realiza una reflexión acerca de si el exponer, conocer y precisar los efectos de la marihuana en la adolescente embarazada y en el producto de la gestación serían un factor determinante para poder considerar más juiciosamente la tendencia a legalizar la marihuana en México. Se enfatizan las alteraciones descritas sobre el sistema nervioso central, el sistema inmunológico y algunos aspectos genéticos en el producto, así como sus posibles expresiones en las diferentes etapas de la vida del niño. ¿Los padres de familia y los pediatras deben permitir que, además de las dificultades actuales que enfrentan hijos y pacientes, se agregue otro riesgo, como es la asequibilidad de la marihuana?.

A reflection on whether to expose, determine and clarify the effects of marijuana on pregnant adolescents and their fetus is a determining factor to consider more judiciously the tendency to legalize marijuana in Mexico. We emphasize alterations in the central nervous system, immune system and some genetic aspects of the fetus and its potential expressions at different stages of a child's life. Should pediatricians and parents allow, in addition to the difficulties that their patients and children face today, the risk that is the affordability of marijuana? That is the challenge to overcome.

La cocaína: sus efectos en la mujer embarazada y en el producto de la gestación / Cocaine: its effects on both pregnant women and the product of gestation

Resumen Los efectos secundarios que puede tener el consumo de cocaína en el ser humano se han orientado, principalmente, al adulto. Sin embargo, aunque se ha estudiado lo que ocurre en la mujer embarazada y en el producto de la gestación, es muy probable que la información actual no sea considerada a plenitud por ginecólogos, obstetras y pediatras. Con el objeto de disminuir la morbilidad infantil y en algunos casos la muerte de estos niños, se presentan las posibilidades teratogénicos de la cocaína, las alteraciones en el crecimiento del feto, las alteraciones placentarias que favorecen la muerte in útero o la prematuridad, las dificultades para que el recién nacido se adapte a la vida extrauterina o algunas alteraciones del aprendizaje y comportamiento del menor en las diferentes etapas de la edad pediátrica. Es necesario que los futuros médicos y los especialistas que interactúan con la población señalada en esta revisión estén atentos a estas novedades.

Abstract The study of side effects of cocaine in humans has mainly been focused on the adult population. However, although such effects on pregnant women and the product of conception have also been studied, it is likely that the updated information about this is mostly dismissed by gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians. This review presents the teratogenic possibilities, and abnormalities in fetal growth and placentation leading to miscarriage or prematurity; as well as the difficulties for the newborn to adapt to extrauterine life; and some learning disabilities and behavior disorders of the child throughout the different stages of pediatric age; the aim is to decrease child morbidity and, in some cases, even the death of these children. It is necessary for future doctors and specialists who interact with the population identified in this review to be aware of the updates in this topic.

Maltrato infantil: características clínicas usuales / Child Maltreatment: Usual clinical characteristics

En este artículo se presentan las características "visibles" e "invisibles" de las diferentes modalidades del maltrato Infantil (MI) con base en la experiencia de la Clínica de Atención Integral al Niño Maltratado del Instituto Nacional de Pediatría (CAINM-INP). Se presenta y se enfatiza el cuadro clínico de las víctimas del "síndrome del niño sacudido" y se insiste en la necesidad de prevenirlo y diagnosticarlo a tiempo. También se exponen los problemas médicos que generan las manifestaciones clínicas desencadenantes de este síndrome como son: crisis de llanto inconsolable, irritabilidad y rechazo al alimento.

A presentation is made of the "visible" and "invisible" characteristics of the different forms of Child abuse (ChA) based on the experience of the Comprehensive Care Clinic of Abused Children of the National Institute of Pediatrics (CAINM-INP). We present and emphasize the clinical picture of the child victim of "shaken baby syndrome" and insist in the need to prevent and diagnose it in time. We also expose the medical conditions that generate the clinical manifestations that trigger the problem such as: inconsolable crying spells, irritability and refusal to eat.